SODA – Mitigating risks associated with kratom

By Fabian Steinmetz, Oliver Grundmann & Dirk Netter

Nothing is without risks. Whether riding a bicycle, foraging mushrooms or taking recreational drugs, such as cannabis or alcohol, for nearly every activity a fellow human can partake, there is a certain, typically low, probability of harm

associated. The use of kratom is not different from that. However, the quantity, the frequency and the composition of the kratom product play a crucial role. Similar to the differences between drinking one and ten cups of coffee at once,

adverse effects after consuming large amounts are more likely than consuming low quantities. Many NGOs have published safer-use-guidelines to enable people who use drugs to consume in a less harmful way.

There is no exact data on use prevalence in Europe. In the US past-year use prevalence was estimated to be 0.8% (Schimmel et al., 2021), and life-time prevalence was estimated to be 6.1% (Covvey et al., 2020) of the adult population. In Europe numbers are most likely lower, but recent media coverage and internal EKA data on import suggest that approximately one million in Germany regular kratom users are not unlikely. Whilst side effects (dizziness, nausea etc.) are not uncommon and usually self-limiting, severe side effects are rarely reported. Generally, side effects are determined by kratom’s sympathomimetic and opioid

modes of action. People vulnerable due to medical history, such as epilepsy (Burke et al., 2021) or severe liver damage (Roma et al., 2023), or due to intake of medication/drugs, in particular opioids and CNS depressants (Torrico et al., 2024), are at risk.

Nevertheless, the impact of kratom must be viewed in the context of the individual case: a fatal outcome after consumption of two stimulants, such as methamphetamine and coffee, would not trigger debates on banning coffee (although coffee may have contributed, and there are in fact rare cases of lethal caffeine intoxications (Kerrigan & Lindsey, 2005)). Why should

overdoses after co-use of fentanyl and kratom be treated as if kratom is the main culprit? Yes, there are fatal outcomes associated with kratom. However, these are typically driven by other substances or pre-existing health conditions, or by

kratom alkaloid blood levels, which are hardly explainable by traditional use of kratom plant material. Extracts and mixtures, such as the O-desmethyltramadol- spiked material sold as “Krypton” (EMCDDA, 2024), do have a more concerning

safety profile and resulting risk of toxicity and fatality. In the following paragraph we try to give some safer-use guidance to reduce risks. These rules can be easily remembered with the acronym “SODA”:

i.e. use low quantities (e.g. 2 g dried leaf material) to

begin with and wait until redosing, ideally 2-3 hours.

, as the history of safe use is only based on oral intake, and

other routes of administration are generally considered riskier.

 i.e. do not mix kratom with other psychoactive substances

unless this is agreed on with your physician/pharmacist, or you exactly

know what you are doing.

Avoid extracts

as potency and risks might be higher. Also, dangerous additives cannot be excluded due to a lack of governance.

Despite these acute risks, mild to moderate signs of a substance use disorder (with rather minor opioid withdrawals) and contribution towards liver toxicity have been observed with more frequent and high amounts of kratom

consumption, as mentioned above.

These risks are already partially addressed when applying the SODA rules. Furthermore, if medically possible, regular

kratom consumption breaks are recommended. Nevertheless, compared to most stronger pain medications and opioid replacement therapeutics, kratom has a very good benefit-to-risk ratio (Boyer et al., 2008; Harun et al., 2022; Henningfield et al., 2022). Considering the expected large number of regular users of kratom and the rare cases of serious outcomes (e.g. Huter et al., 2024), at least traditional, unadulterated kratom leaf products provide users with the safety they can reasonably expect. Nevertheless, establishing a regulatory framework ensuring quality standards, access and supporting label information, particularly on risk mitigation, is advised.

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